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Scientists have uncovered a key brain signal that helps us break old habits and adapt when circumstances suddenly change. By watching mice navigate a virtual maze, researchers found that disappointment—when an expected reward failed to appear—triggered a surge of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, making the animals more likely to try a new strategy. When acetylcholine was blocked, the mice became less flexible and were more likely to stick with outdated choices.

CONCLUSION: The updated Brazilian Portuguese version of the CFS demonstrates excellent reproducibility and strong convergent validity in hospitalized older adults. These results support its use as a reliable clinical and research tool for frailty assessment in hospitalized older adults, within the scope of the measurement properties evaluated.

Brain aging is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous and systems-level process involving dynamic interactions among neuronal, glial, vascular, and immune-associated cell populations. Recent advances in single-cell and spatial omics technologies have revealed diverse cellular aging trajectories, region-specific vulnerabilities, and extensive remodeling of intercellular communication networks across the aging brain. These findings challenge reductionist views of aging and emphasize the...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2026.1707228.].

The aging bone marrow microenvironment is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation ("inflammaging"), which disrupts skeletal homeostasis and impairs bone regeneration. However, the stromal-immune crosstalk mechanisms sustaining this pathological state remain poorly defined. Here, transcriptomic analysis identified thrombospondin-1 (Thbs1) as a key upregulated component of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in aged bone mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). We demonstrate...

Kaempferol (KMP) is a dietary compound found in a wide range of foods. The therapeutic capabilities of these foods are associated with the phenolic compounds present in their structures, particularly their antioxidant activity. Remarkable medical care areas linked to KMP include pain relief, anti-aging, antiallergic, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, central nervous system regulation, wound healing, and hepatoprotective characteristics. KMP has attracted...

Age-related decline in speech perception is a prominent challenge in auditory aging, especially under noise conditions. However, how neural and neurovascular processes are jointly organized and coordinated across adulthood during speech perception remains incompletely characterized. This study employed simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate neural activation, functional connectivity, and neurovascular coupling across youth (n =...

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A critical developmental process affecting aging and age-associated disease, cell senescence is characterized by persistent growth arrest and adaptive gene expression patterns. A common RNA modification, N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A), regulates gene expression profiles but its impact on senescence has not been studied globally. Here, we elucidated the m⁶A landscape in proliferating and senescent human fibroblasts using epitranscriptomic microarray and m⁶A-crosslinking and immunoprecipitation followed...

A major long-term study of more than 54,000 adults found that where nitrate comes from may matter far more than how much you consume. People who got more nitrate from vegetables—roughly the amount in a cup of baby spinach a day—had a lower risk of developing dementia, while higher nitrate and nitrite intake from red meat, processed meat, and even drinking water was linked to a greater risk.