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The evolution of continents is shaped by the growth and destruction of long-lived cratons, which serve as their stable cores. Processes for craton destruction are controversial because most invoked mechanisms occur frequently throughout Earth history, making the preservation of cratons for billions of years problematic. Here, we address this issue by presenting a crustal-scale analytical signal-amplitude model obtained from high-resolution airborne and shipborne magnetic data across cratons...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by inclusions of α-synuclein (α-syn) and mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Patients with PD anecdotally experience symptom improvement at high altitude; chronic hypoxia prevents the development of Leigh-like brain disease in mice with mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Here we report that intrastriatal injection of α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) in mice resulted in neurodegeneration and...

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The desire to increase life expectancy, coupled with the decline in biological functions that occurs as we age, represents one of the most significant challenges facing our society. Age-related declines in biological functions contribute to frailty and morbidity, demanding innovative strategies to promote healthy aging. The circadian clock, which controls daily physiological processes, is intricately linked to aging and overall health. Circadian disruptions can lead to metabolic dysfunction,...

Δ133p53α is a naturally occurring isoform of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Δ133p53α functions as a physiological dominant-negative inhibitor of the full-length p53 protein (commonly referred to as p53). Δ133p53α preferentially inhibits p53-mediated cellular senescence, while it does not inhibit, or may even promote, p53-mediated DNA repair. Owing to this selective inhibitory activity that preserves genome stability, Δ133p53α represents a promising target for enhancement in the prevention and...

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging and many age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) refers to a clinical condition characterized by noticeable cognitive decline that exceeds normal age-related changes but does not significantly interfere with daily functioning. MCI is often considered an early stage of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease. We therefore investigated the relationship between mitochondrial function in peripheral...

CONCLUSIONS: The signatures verified through comprehensive functional genomics and genetic analyses may provide new targets for modulating the aging process and enhancing the quality of cell therapy products.

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. They can be primary or secondary depending on whether tau inclusions are the predominant pathology (e.g.: frontotemporal dementia related to tau) or are found with other proteinopathies (e.g.: Alzheimer's disease), respectively. Currently, there are no effective treatments to prevent or slow down progressive tau accumulation. Animal models play a critical...

CONCLUSION: A region-informed One-GMM method significantly improved CP segmentation accuracy over FS, providing a practical and accessible tool for CP quantification in AD and other research studies. Within this small cohort, no diagnostic group difference in CP volume was observed. An aging effect of CP volume was found within the CN group.

INTRODUCTION: A major contributor to age-related hearing loss is the decline of GABAergic inhibition, particularly in the inferior colliculus (IC), which is the midbrain hub of the central auditory system. The initial loss of inhibition is thought to be a compensatory mechanism in response to decreased peripheral excitation. However, the downregulation of inhibition in the IC persists with age and leads to functional disruptions and central neural gain. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is co-expressed by a...

INTRODUCTION: As the human undergoes the process of aging, it becomes evident that the elderly population exhibits age-related cognitive decline. The basal forebrain (BF) has been shown to have complex connections with the hippocampus (Hip) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) through circuits, and is involved in cognitive functions. However, which circuit is most vulnerable during normal aging remains unclear.

CONCLUSION: Among healthy older adults, SP and PP recruit bilateral language-related brain regions, potentially reflecting compensatory mechanisms associated with normal aging. Notably, the IFG pars orbitalis may play a distinct role in supporting phonological fluency, despite not being a region traditionally linked to PP. Further research is needed to clarify the contribution of this region to phonological performance among aging adults.

Science, Volume 389, Issue 6760, August 2025.

Science, Volume 389, Issue 6760, August 2025.