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Changes in the brain [NAD(+)]/[NADH] and [NADPH]/[NADP(+)] with aging and anti-aging dietary restriction
Changes in brain [NADPH]/[NADP^(+)] and [NAD^(+)]/[NADH] may contribute to aging. Anti-aging dietary restriction (DR) and intermittent fasting (IF) alter redox states that may contribute to their longevity effects. Pyruvate/lactate and acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate are indicators of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial [NAD^(+)]/[NADH], respectively, while the malate/pyruvate and isocitrate/alpha-ketoglutarate are indicators of the cytoplasmic [NADPH]/[NADP^(+)]. Using these metabolite-pair...
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The retinal nerve fiber layer mean thickness in patients with early Parkinson's disease reflects striatal dopamine function
CONCLUSIONS: The strength and significance of our study are that it is the first to indicate, on the basis of the α-syn mechanism, that the mean RNFL thickness partly reflects striatal dopamine uptake in the brain, suggesting that the mean RNFL thickness may have a certain value for the early diagnosis of PD.
Liver exerkine reverses aging- and Alzheimer's-related memory loss via vasculature
Blood factors transfer the benefits of exercise to the aged brain independent of physical activity. Here, we show that the liver-derived exercise factor (exerkine) glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-specific phospholipase D1 (GPLD1), a GPI-degrading enzyme, reverses aging- and Alzheimer's-related memory loss by targeting the brain vasculature. GPLD1 has the potential to cleave over 100 putative GPI-anchored proteins, necessitating the identification of downstream targets that mediate cognitive...