Alzheimer & Parkinson

Glial cell polarization plays a pivotal role in various neurological disorders. In response to distinct stimuli, glial cells undergo polarization to either mitigate neurotoxicity or facilitate neural repair following injury, underscoring the importance of glial phenotypic polarization in modulating central nervous system function. This review presents an overview of glial cell polarization, focusing on astrocytes and microglia. It explores the involvement of glial polarization in neurological...

This review provides an in-depth analysis of the complex role of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) in the development of α-synucleinopathies, with a particular focus on its structural diversity and the resulting clinical variability. The ability of α-Syn to form different strains or polymorphs and undergo various post-translational modifications significantly contributes to the wide range of symptoms observed in disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple...

Recently, an African ancestry-specific Parkinson disease (PD) risk signal was identified at the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase (GBA1). This variant ( rs3115534 -G) is carried by ~50% of West African PD cases and imparts a dose-dependent increase in risk for disease. The risk variant has varied frequencies across African ancestry groups but is almost absent in European and Asian ancestry populations. GBA1 is a gene of high clinical and therapeutic interest. Damaging biallelic protein-coding...

The analytical and experimental investigation of several targets and biomarkers that help in explaining significant cognitive deficits, covering drug development and precision medicine aimed at different chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, synaptic dysfunction, brain damage from neuronal apoptosis, and other disease pathologies; this served as the foundation for all phase studies. The focus of current therapeutic approaches is on developing...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Despite extensive research conducted on this disorder, its precise pathogenesis remains unclear. In recent years, the microbiota-gut-brain axis has attracted considerable attention within the field of AD. The gut microbiota communicates bidirectionally with the central nervous system through the gut-brain axis, and alterations in its structure and function can influence the progression of AD....

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disorder that results in progressively impaired memory and is often associated with amyloid plaques. Previous studies implicate the deacetylases SIRT1 and SIRT2 in regulating the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Here, we investigated whether APP is regulated by the related deacetylase SIRT6, which shows aging-associated decreases in activity. We found that the abundance of SIRT6 was reduced in the cortex and hippocampus...

The gene inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase D (INPP5D), which encodes the lipid phosphatase SH2-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1), is associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). How it influences microglial function and brain physiology is unclear. Here, we showed that SHIP1 was enriched in early stages of healthy brain development. By combining in vivo loss-of-function approaches and proteomics, we discovered that mice conditionally lacking microglial SHIP1...

Scopolamine, widely regarded as the gold standard in preclinical studies of memory impairments, acts as a non-selective antagonist of central and peripheral muscarinic receptors. While its application in modeling dementia primarily involves antagonism at the M(1) receptor, its non-selective peripheral actions may introduce adverse effects that influence behavioral test outcomes. This review analyzes preclinical findings to consolidate knowledge on scopolamine's use and elucidate potential...

Parkinson's disease is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative motor disorders worldwide with postural instability, bradykinesia, resting tremor and rigidity being the most common symptoms of the disease. Despite the fact that the molecular mechanisms of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis have already been well described, there is still no coherent picture of the etiopathogenesis of this disease. According to modern concepts, neurodegeneration is induced mainly by oxidative stress,...

Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) has been shown to treat a variety of human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its mechanism in AD needs further investigation. Microglial cells (BV2) were treated with Aβ(1-42) to induce AD cell models. Cell viability and apoptosis were tested by cell counting kit 8 assay and flow cytometry. The protein levels of GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4), phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A), autophagy-related markers, M1/M2 polarization-related markers and...

Increasing evidence points to a pivotal role of immune processes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, which is the most prevalent neurodegenerative and dementia-causing disease of our time. Multiple lines of information provided by experimental, epidemiological, neuropathological and genetic studies suggest a pathological role for innate and adaptive immune activation in this disease. Here, we review the cell types and pathological mechanisms involved in disease development as well as the...

Cardio-cerebral diseases (CCDs), encompassing conditions such as coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, et al., represent a significant threat to human health and well-being. These diseases are often characterized by metabolic abnormalities and remodeling in the process of pathology. Glycolysis and hypoxia-induced lactate accumulation play critical roles in cellular energy dynamics and metabolic imbalances in CCDs. Lactylation, a post-translational...

How microglia digest Alzheimer's fibrillar amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques that are too large to be phagocytosed is not well understood. Here, we show that primary microglial cells create acidic extracellular compartments, lysosomal synapses, on model plaques and digest them with exocytosed lysosomal enzymes. This mechanism, called digestive exophagy, is confirmed by electron microscopy in 5xFAD mouse brains, which shows that a lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, is secreted toward the plaques in...

CONCLUSION: Our study elucidated the initiating factors and three independent pathways involved in the conversion of MCI to AD. The predictive value of each factor was clarified and a multi-predictor nomogram was established with high accuracy.

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Shen et al. investigate in vivo transient expression of Yamanaka factors (YFs) during embryogenesis and an adult mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated amyloidosis. These studies demonstrate that transient induction of YFs may be capable of enhancing neurogenesis and offer resilience against neurodegeneration.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating gene expression and influence many biological processes. Despite their importance, understanding of how genetic variation affects miRNA expression in the brain and how this relates to brain disorders remains limited. Here we investigated these questions by identifying microRNA expression quantitative trait loci (miR-QTLs), or genetic variants associated with brain miRNA levels, using genome-wide small RNA sequencing profiles from dorsolateral...

Carling et al. report that late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk alleles drive cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, in a tau- and sex-dependent manner. Mechanistic insights into interactions among genetic risk, biological aging, and sex differences in LOAD are presented.

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Hidden confounding biases hinder identifying causal protein biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in non-randomized studies. While Mendelian randomization (MR) can mitigate these biases using protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs) as instrumental variables, some pQTLs violate core assumptions, leading to biased conclusions. To address this, we propose MR-SPI, a novel MR method that selects valid pQTL instruments using Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina principle and performs robust post-selection...

Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative pathology, is characterized by the accumulation of Amyloid-β plaques in the brain. Lecanemab (BAN2401), a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody, binds with high affinity to Amyloid-β protofibrils. It is the first monoclonal antibody for Alzheimer's disease to receive full FDA approval. This systematic review, conducted meticulously, examines the current use and safety of Lecanemab in treating Alzheimer's disease. We screened literature from...