Aging & Longevity

CONCLUSION: Findings suggest a substantial burden of multimorbidity in NORC residents and reinforce the importance of designing programs in NORCs to help older adults with multimorbidity age in place.

The aging of the vasculature is a primary determinant of cardiovascular disease risk and a key contributor to organismal decline. While our understanding of its molecular underpinnings has grown exponentially, the translation of these discoveries into effective clinical interventions remains a major hurdle. This review provides a critical appraisal of the current state of vascular aging pharmacology. We first dissect the core pathogenic mechanisms, including epigenetic drift, chronic low-grade...

CONCLUSION: A highly efficient and cost-effective PND model was successfully established in 4-month-old SAMP8 mice. This model stably recapitulates core PND pathologies and serves as a valuable tool for investigating pathogenesis and screening therapeutic strategies for PND.

Motor dysfunction in different subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia have been widely reported. Whether motor profiles could differentiate between MCI subtypes such as amnestic MCI (aMCI) and non-amnestic MCI (naMCI) has not been systematically studied, but could augment the diagnostic process to improve diagnostic accuracy early on in the disease process. Here, we compare motor function across the motor domain between cognitively unimpaired (CU; n = 878), aMCI (n = 89) and...

Stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, and secondary injury mechanisms-particularly neuroinflammation-continue to limit functional recovery despite advances in reperfusion therapies. Post-stroke neuroinflammation is not a static or uniformly deleterious process but a temporally evolving and spatially heterogeneous continuum shaped by cellular transcriptional plasticity, metabolic reprogramming, and systemic modifiers such as aging and comorbidities....

Chronic neuroinflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases and is largely driven by dysfunctional activation of microglia and astrocytes. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics and metabolic profiling have revealed the remarkable heterogeneity and plasticity of these glial cells, highlighting their dual roles in neuroprotection and neurotoxicity. Upon activation, microglia adopt pro-inflammatory phenotypes and undergo metabolic reprogramming characterized...

CONCLUSION: These findings reveal a novel pulse-derived harmonic signature as a biomarker for prefrailty, indicating that subtle arterial functional alterations detectable via spectral analysis are associated with early physical vulnerability and may help bridge vascular pathology with geriatric decline. The discriminative performance (AUC = 0.70) is competitive with existing tools, while the 1-minute, noninvasive protocol establishes a favorable balance between accuracy and clinical...

CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies CISD2 and MST1 as high-confidence proteins implicated in frailty pathogenesis through brain and plasma mechanisms, respectively. These findings provide crucial molecular insights into aging and highlight promising targets for therapeutic intervention to mitigate frailty.

CONCLUSIONS: Blood neurodegeneration biomarkers show complex associations with cognition that involve direct and physical performance-related pathways. Our findings suggest that physical performance may serve as an early marker and therapeutic target in neurodegenerative aging, particularly in vulnerable populations, though longitudinal studies are needed to establish temporal relationships.

Aging is a complex, multifactorial process, influencing disease risk and overall health. While chronological age (CA) is widely used in clinical practice, it fails to capture individual aging trajectories. Current approaches to estimate biological age (BA) often focus on single organs or predefined clinical biomarkers, limiting comprehensive assessment. We introduce a novel, purely imaging-driven deep learning framework for organ-specific BA estimation across seven organ systems. Our...

Psilocybin extends lifespan in aged mice, and this has prompted extensive media speculation about possible human longevity benefits. We examined mortality among prominent psychedelic personalities, researchers, and advocates who claimed psychedelic use (n = 11) and compared them with cancer (n = 12) and aging researchers (n = 5). All groups exceeded population life expectancy, reflecting the effect of socioeconomic advantage on lifespan, but psychedelic personalities did not outlive cancer and...

Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are a crucial melanocyte reservoir within the hair follicle niche. This review provides an overview of the processes for McSC quiescence and activation. Because McSCs closely interact with hair follicle stem cells, we have focused on this interaction. Given the high prevalence of hair graying, the McSC system serves as a model for cellular aging. Here, we highlight current research on the mechanisms of hair graying.

Aging and chronic diseases intersect at the level of biological aging mechanisms, where age-related molecular and cellular changes contribute to the development of diverse pathologies. Biomarkers of biological aging could help predict and track the progression of chronic diseases and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting healthy aging. Here, we aimed to identify biomarkers reflecting biological aging by analyzing protein signatures shared between older age and elevated...

The physical and social exposome affects human aging, and brain clocks may track its effects. However, most studies neglect multidomain exposures (physical, social and political) across diverse settings globally and their associations with brain aging. In this study, we characterized the associations between 73 country-level physical and social exposomal factors and multimodal brain age in 18,701 participants from 34 countries (healthy individuals and those with Alzheimer's disease,...

Aging is a complex biological and societal challenge, where modest advances can yield substantial clinical and economic benefits. While model organisms have uncovered key mechanisms of aging, their physiological relevance to humans remains limited. Astronauts offer a uniquely informative human model: despite being healthy and highly selected, they exhibit many hallmarks of aging and experience comparable declines in cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, cognitive and immune function-often on...

The full impact of APOE4 (apolipoprotein E4), the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), on neuronal and network function remains unclear, particularly during early preclinical stages of disease. Here we show that young APOE4 knockin (E4-KI) mice exhibit hippocampal region-specific network hyperexcitability that predicts later cognitive deficits. This early phenotype arises from cell-type-specific subpopulations of smaller, hyperexcitable neurons and is eliminated by...

Suppression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling extends mammalian life span and protects against a range of age-related diseases. Unexpectedly, we found that reduced IGF-1 signaling fails to extend the life span of mitochondrial mutator mice. Most of the longevity pathways that are normally initiated by IGF-1 suppression were either blocked or blunted in the mutator mice. These observations suggest that the prolongevity effects of IGF-1 suppression critically depend on the...

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